• GPR can signal through not only IP but also cAMP

  2022-04-12

  

  GPR40 can signal through not only IP3 but also cAMP depending upon the type of agonist ligand used. A full agonist engages both signaling mechanisms in contrast to the endogenous long-chain fatty fibronectin definition (LCFA) ligands and partial agonists. Thus, stimulation of GPR40 by endogenous LC

• Acarbose and voglibose the classic glucosidase inhibitors we

  2022-04-12

  

  Acarbose and voglibose, the classic α-glucosidase inhibitors, were clinically used to inhibit α-glucosidase activity for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, the intake of these drugs may cause some undesirable gastrointestinal side effects and weight gain (Xu et al., 2015). The synthetic drug

• In Solloway and colleagues reported that mice with alpha cel

  2022-04-12

  

  In 2015, Solloway and colleagues reported that mice with alpha cell hyperplasia due to inactive hepatic glucagon receptor signaling may most likely be caused by amino MLN 2480 dependent mechanisms [11]. The authors then showed these adaptations are regulated by ‘mechanistic target of rapamycin’ (mT

• In the small intestine digestion

  2022-04-12

  

  In the small intestine, digestion and Liproxstatin-1 of the nutrients are the next processes with an impact on the resulting plasma profile. Normally, neither carbohydrate digestion nor absorption are limiting factors, which is illustrated by the rapid and extensive absorption of glucose in conditi

• While the apparent complexity of

  2022-04-12

  

  While the apparent complexity of gap junction regulation presents challenges, new technologies continue to propel the field forward. Advances in microscopy are increasingly able to capture rapid dynamics at the plasma membrane (e.g., biosensors [67] and lattice light sheet microscopy [100]) and to d

• br Introduction Alzheimer s disease AD affects ca

  2022-04-12

  

  Introduction Alzheimer's disease (AD) affects ca. 46 million people worldwide [1] and it is expected that the number will double or triple by 2030 or 2050, respectively, while no significant progress has been made in research for early diagnosis and new efficient therapies. Currently available me

• Over decades a deeper understanding of

  2022-04-11

  

  Over decades, a deeper understanding of terpene synthases has also permitted enzyme engineering for unnatural substrate acceptance. Novel terpenoids have been successfully synthesized from substrate analogues as by-products from mechanistic investigation (Faraldos et al., 2012; Miller, Yu, & Alleman

• The stable association of Hat

  2022-04-11

  

  The stable association of Hat1 complexes with histones H3 and H4 raises a number of interesting issues. The first is the question of how Hat1 remains stably associated with histones H3 and H4. While the simple answer is that Hat1 remains bound to histones because of its association with histone chap

• Previous studies have attributed the changes that occurs

  2022-04-11

  

  Previous studies have attributed the changes that occurs during the behvioral sensitization to many psychostimulants with neuroadaptation in dopaminergic cell bodies of the VTA (induction phase) along with alteration in dopamine axon terminal field transmission of NAc during the expression to sensit

• Newly identified evidence has put immune checkpoint

  2022-04-11

  

  Newly identified evidence has put immune checkpoint inhibitors into the spotlight. However, even though they have been reported to achieve optimistic outcomes [67], there is still a provocative question about their limitations [68]. The solid evidence above has provided us with translational values

• Bile acids synthesized in the

  2022-04-11

  

  Bile acids synthesized in the liver are secreted into the intestinal tract to facilitate the digestion and punicalagin of nutrients. Most bile acids are reabsorbed by the ileum and are transported back to the liver via the portal blood circulation. Recently, bile acids have also been considered as h

• br Acknowledgements This research was supported by the Natur

  2022-04-11

  

  Acknowledgements This research was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery Grant awarded to RGM. LMW was supported in part by fellowships from the University of Regina and the Government of Saskatchewan Fish and Wildlife Development Fund (FWDF). We wo

• Considering that TGF plays a pivotal

  2022-04-11

  

  Considering that TGF-β1 plays a pivotal role in inflammation, renal fibrosis, cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis, it has been viewed as a vital mediator in kidney disease [49,50]. Studies have demonstrated that TGF-β1 is upregulated in both human and experimental kidney diseases [51,52]. TG

• br Conclusion In conclusion we showed

  2022-04-11

  

  Conclusion In conclusion, we showed that apoptosis is involved in etoposide-induced pancreatic β-cell cytotoxicity. More importantly, as shown in Fig. 6, the results of this study demonstrated that etoposide induces pancreatic β-cell death via the JNK/ERK activation-mediated GSK-3 downstream-trig

• PBI is an agonist of GPR and acts as an

  2022-04-11

  

  PBI-4050 is an agonist of GPR40 and acts as an antagonist or inverse agonist of GPR84. It cannot be excluded that other targets besides GPR40 and GPR84 could be implicated in the mechanism of action of PBI-4050 and could be explored in future studies. However, the present study, and in particular th

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