• br Materials and methods br Results br Discussion Chronic

  2022-07-01

  

  Materials and methods Results Discussion Chronic neuroinflammation underlies the pathogenesis of HAND (Saylor et al., 2016, Sodhi et al., 2004). Infected immune cells release viral proteins and inflammatory factors which act on microglia, astrocytes, and neurons to produce the synaptodendri

• Several groups studied CTD mouse models which largely mimick

  2022-07-01

  

  Several groups studied CTD mouse models, which largely mimicked the symptoms (i.e. impaired cognition and autistic-like behaviour) of the human disease (Kurosawa et al., 2012; Baroncelli et al., 2016; Stockebrand, 2018). The CRT-1 knockout mice showed a drastic deterioration in the GABAergic system,

• Glial cells have emerged as important

  2022-07-01

  

  Glial cells have emerged as important protagonists of the central nervous system (CNS) physiology (Chen and Swanson, 2003; Kettenmann and Verkhratsky, 2008; Parpura and Verkhratsky, 2012). As widely described in the literature, astrocytes regulate glutamatergic synapses by clearance of glutamate in

• br Author contribution br Declaration

  2022-07-01

  

  Author contribution Declaration of interest Acknowledgements This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 81473093) and State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica (SIMM1601ZZ-02). Introduction Diabetes represents a majo

• GPR can signal through not only

  2022-07-01

  

  GPR40 can signal through not only IP3 but also cAMP depending upon the type of agonist ligand used. A full agonist engages both signaling mechanisms in contrast to the endogenous long-chain fatty 1478 (LCFA) ligands and partial agonists. Thus, stimulation of GPR40 by endogenous LCFAs or by the synt

• br The concept of the axo

  2022-07-01

  

  The concept of the axo-myelin ‘synapse’ Axons can release glutamate in a Ca+-dependent and independent manner (reviewed in [13,69]). Glutamate released from axons activates GluRs located in myelin, a feature that gave rise to the idea of the axo-myelin ‘synapse’ by analogy with classical synaptic

• BCECF-AM The following are the supplementary data related to

  2022-07-01

  

  The following are the supplementary data related to this article. Conflict of interest Acknowledgements This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers 24770068 and 15K07152. Introduction Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) help maintain the genetic code by recognizing their cognate

• br Results br Discussion Using

  2022-07-01

  

  Results Discussion Using a novel viral vector for norepinephrine-targeted gene deletion, we have shown that glucocorticoid receptor SBI-0206965 from locus coeruleus norepinephrine neurons reduces social interaction specifically in female mice. This effect is not attributable to changes in nov

• LbGlcK and the HsHxKIV d glucose complex

  2022-07-01

  

  LbGlcK and the HsHxKIV-d-glucose complex (PDB entry 3IDH) [17] were superimposed from individual subunits. The active site regions revealed the key imidazole binding residues to be present for LbGlcK; also, the superposition showed that HsHxKIV had residues that were absent in LbGlcK, such as K169

• br Materials and methods br

  2022-07-01

  

  Materials and methods Results Unitary currents of Gardos Ezatiostat were identified by their conductance value, inward rectification, voltage independence of open probability, kinetics and Ca2+-sensitivity, all features which have been described elsewhere [8], [13], [20], [23], [24], [25], [26

• Numerical models of blood regulation

  2022-07-01

  

  Numerical models of blood regulation provide insight into the interaction of the cellular-level and macro-scale phenomena studied in silico, a term referring to computer simulations of the dynamics of complex biological systems as opposed to in vivo or in vitro experimental studies. These in silico

• The structural modelling studies gave a view

  2022-07-01

  

  The structural modelling studies gave a view of arsenic mediated covalent modifications possible in Cx43. In order to look for the biochemical effects of Arsenic on Cx43 and Cx43 mediated GJIC formation, and in order to further decipher the mechanism involved in Arsenic induced decreases in expressi

• A single ICV injection of GALP

  2022-06-30

  

  A single ICV injection of GALP stimulated food intake in goldfish at 1h post-administration. This result is similar to that observed in rats, where ICV injection of GALP exerted an acute orexigenic effect [14], [15], [16]. Simultaneously, our findings counter the results found in mice, where central

• To further investigate if GPR was

  2022-06-30

  

  To further investigate if GPR40 was the functional target of these phenylpropiolic nucleoside transporters analogs, GW-1100, a selective antagonist of GPR40-mediated Ca2+ elevations in HEK293 cells with an IC50 value equal to 1 μM, was used to inhibit agonist-induced intracellular calcium flux [15]

• Till date the first line

  2022-06-30

  

  Till date, the first line treatment of T2DM is oral metformin followed by oral sulfonylureas, dipeptidyl peptidase-IV-inhibitors, and TZDs. As the disease progresses, injectable glucagon-like peptide-I analogues or ultimately insulin become necessary to maintain glycaemic control. Despite the establ

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